1. Consonant to Vowel
When a word ends in a consonant sound and the next word begins with a vowel sound, the consonant “moves” to the beginning of the next word:
- an apple → [ə‿ˈnæ.pɫ̩]
- an orange → [ə‿ˈnɔːr.ɪndʒ]
- turn off → [tɚ‿nɔːf]
- stop it! → [ˈstɑ‿pɪt]
- drink it → [ˈd͡ʒɹɪŋ‿kɪt]
- this is good! → [ˈðɪ‿sɪz ˈɡʊd̚]
- this afternoon → [ðɪ‿sæf.tɚˈnun]
- let it go → [lɛ‿t̬ɪ‿ˈɡoʊ]
- not at all. → [ˈnɑ.t̬ə.ˈt̬ɔl]
- keep it up. → [ˈkʰi.pɪ.ˌt̬ʌp]
- put it away → [ˈpʰʊ.t̬ɪ.t̬əˈweɪ]
- a lot of people → [ə ˈlɑt̬.ə ˈpipəl]
- these are → [ði‿zɚ]
- I like it → [aɪ‿ˈlaɪ.kɪt̚]
- watch out → [ˈwɑ‿tʃaʊt̚]
- wake up → [ˈweɪ‿kʌp̚]
- hold on → [ˈhoʊl‿dɑn]
- come in → [ˈkʰʌ‿mɪn]
2. Vowel to Vowel
Intrusion
When a word ends in a vowel sound and the next begins with one, a tiny /w/ or /j/ glide is inserted to smooth the transition.
Intrusive /j/:
- I am → [aɪ‿jæm]
- she is → [ʃi‿jɪz]
- they are → [ðeɪ‿jɑɹ]
- say it → [ˈseɪ‿jɪt̚]
- my own → [maɪ‿joʊn]
Intrusive /w/:
- go away → [ˈɡoʊ‿wəˈweɪ]
- go out → [ˈɡoʊ‿waʊt]
- how is it? → [ˈhaʊ‿wɪ‿zɪt̚]
- go on → [ˈɡoʊ‿wɑn]
- two angry men → [ˈtu‿ˈwæŋ.ɡɹi ˈmɛn]
- just do it → [dʒəs‿ˈdu‿wɪt̚]
3. Consonant to Consonant
- big game → [bɪ‿ɡeɪm]
- some might → [sʌ‿maɪt]
- black cat → [blæ‿ˈkæt̚]
- a good day → [ə ɡʊ‿deɪ]
- feel like → [fiː‿laɪk]
- gas station → [ɡæ‿steɪʃn̩]
Assimilation
/n/ before /p, b, m/:
- ten men → [ˈtʰɛm‿ˈmɛn]
- ten minutes → [ˈtʰɛm‿ˈmɪn.ɪts]
- ten books → [ˈtʰɛm‿ˈbʊks]
- one boat → [wʌm‿ˈboʊt]
- I can buy → [aɪ‿kəm‿baɪ]
- in person → /ɪm‿ˈpɝːsən/
- in Brazil → /ɪm‿bɹəˈzɪl/
- in Paris → /ɪm‿ˈpʰɛɹ.ɪs/
- on Monday → [ɑm‿ˈmʌn.deɪ]
- green park → [ˈɡɹiːm‿ˈpʰɑɹk]
/n/ before /k, g/:
- can go → [kʰəŋ‿ˈɡoʊ]
- ten cups → [ˈtʰɛŋ‿ˈkʰʌps]
- ten kings → [ˈtʰɛŋ‿ˈkʰɪŋz]
- green grapes → [ˈɡɹiŋ‿ˈɡɹeɪps]
- ten coins → [ˈtʰɛŋ‿ˈkʰɔɪnz]
/t/, /d/, or /n/ before /ð/:
- not that → [nɑ‿d̪æt]
- I’m at the store → [aɪm‿ə‿d̪ə‿ˈstɔɹ]
- read this /rid ðɪs/ → [ɹi‿d̪ɪs]
- get in the car → [ɡɛt̬ ɪn̪‿ə kɑːɹ]
- open the door → [ˈoʊpən̪‿ə dɔːɹ]
- down there → [daʊn̪‿ɛɹ]
- in the morning → [ɪn̪‿ə ˈmɔːɹnɪŋ]
- on the table → [ɒn̪‿ə teɪbəl]
- better than that → [ˈbɛt̬ɚ ðæn̪‿æt]
/s/ before /ʃ, j/:
- nice shoes → [ˈnaɪ.ʃuz]
- this shirt → [ˈðɪ.ʃɚt̚]
- who is she?
- is she okay?
- is she late for work?
/t/ before /j/:
- don’t you → [ˈdoʊn‿tʃu]
- meet you → [ˈmiː‿tʃu]
- get your → [ˈɡɛ‿tʃəɹ]
- trust your gut →
- don’t worry, I got you covered →
/d/ before /j/:
- did you → [ˈdɪ‿dʒu]
- could you →
- hide your
Elision
Elision of /t/:
- next week → [ˈnɛks wiːk]
- next door → [nɛks ˈdɔɹ]
- old man →
- best friend →
- just saying →
- I must go → [aɪ məs ˈɡoʊ]
- just one →
- went away →
- just let me know → [ˈdʒʌ‿sˈlɛ.mi‿ˈnoʊ]
Elision of /d/:
- rock and roll → [rɑk n̩ ˈroʊl]
- black and white → [ˈblæk n̩ ˈwaɪt]
- boys and girls
Elision of /h/:
- tell her → /ˈtɛl‿ɚ/
- ask her → /æsk‿ɚ/
- I love her → [aɪ ˈləv‿ɚ]
- I believe him → [aɪ bɪˈli‿vɪm]
- go easy on him → [ˈɡoʊ‿ˈi.zi‿ɑ‿nɪm]
- this is his sister → [ˈðɪs‿ɪz‿ɪz ˈsistəɹ]
- was he there? → [wə‿zi‿ˈðɛɹ]
- we have seen → [wi.j‿əv sin]
- don’t you have a house? → [ˈdoʊn.tʃu‿əv‿ə‿haʊs]
- the goodness of his character → [ðə ˈɡʊdnəs əv‿ɪz ˈkʰɛɹəktɚ]
Elision of /ð/:
- I gave it to them → [aɪ ˈɡeɪv ɪt̚ tu ɛm]
- show it to them → [ˈʃoʊ ɪt tu ɛm]
- all of them → [ɑl‿əv‿ɛm]